Murder of Robert Ross

On March 6, 1894, an election-day riot broke out in Troy, New York, at a polling booth in the third district of the Thirteenth Ward. The violence erupted amid tensions between pollwatchers and Catholic working-class minority voters who were suspected of engaging in ballot stuffing. Robert Ross and his brother William were present as poll watchers when a dispute arose after members of a group led by Bartholomew Shea allegedly attempted to vote using another citizen's name. Clubs and revolvers were reportedly drawn, and multiple shots were fired in the ensuing chaos.

When the fighting ended, Robert Ross had been fatally shot, and his brother William had been struck by a bullet in the neck but survived. Shea and John McGough, who fled the scene, were each found to have sustained minor wounds. Both men were subsequently caught and arrested. At the time of his arrest, McGough initially claimed that he had fired the shot that killed Ross, but he later withdrew this claim. Years afterward, following Shea's execution, McGough reportedly repeated the claim that he had been the shooter.

An original suspect in the shootings, John Boland, was arrested but later released from custody. A contemporaneous New York Times report placed responsibility for the climate of violence on former Troy Mayor Edward Murphy Jr., who had been elected to the United States Senate the previous year, asserting that firearms had been present at Troy elections "ever since 'Boss' Murphy's gang began their systematic frauds, a dozen years ago."

The trial of Shea and McGough began on May 28, 1894. On July 4, 1894, a jury convicted Shea of first-degree murder and McGough of first-degree assault. McGough was sentenced to 19.5 years' imprisonment, while Shea was sentenced to death. Shea's legal team pursued several lengthy appeals and sought to have his death sentence commuted, but these efforts were unsuccessful, and he was executed in 1896.

Troy attorney Frank S. Black assisted in the prosecution of Shea and McGough. The public recognition he gained from the case is credited with helping propel his subsequent political career: he was elected to a seat in the United States House of Representatives in 1894 and later became Governor of New York in 1896.